7TM Helix Protein Rhodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin Comparison

7TM Helix Protein Rhodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin Comparison Compare and contrast the 7TM helix proteins rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin at the molecular and cellular levels. Rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin both belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. They each have 7 alpha helical transmembrane domains which are embedded in their respective membranes. The two proteins are related but not identical and therefore contain many similarities as well as differences. Structurally the proteins are similar, while functionally, aside from being light-sensitive proteins and using light to initiate their processes, these two distinct proteins have a range of differences. Rhodopsin is a eukaryotic protein and it is the main photoreceptor pigment contained within the discs of the outer segment of vertebrate rod photoreceptors amongst other supporting proteins. Rhodopsin molecules have very high sensitivity to light and are the pigment responsible for enabling vision in dim light conditions and monochromatic vision in the dark. Exposure of rhodopsin to light causes the pigment to be photobleached, this initiates the transmission of the optical signal. The full regeneration of the human rhodopsin molecule occurs within approximately 45 minutes. Bacteriorhodopsin is a prokaryotic protein present in archaea. It is a light-dependent proton pump which is used to carry out phototrophy. Energy from light is utilised to move protons out of the cell, across the membrane, forming a large concentration gradient and making the inside of the cell up to 10000 times more alkali than outside. The subsequent proton gradient is converted into chemical energy. Both rhodop sin and bacteriorhodopsin maximally absorb light of the wavelength around 500nm which is the green colour range. Both rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin contain a retinal chromophore, although the two chromophores are not identical and rather, are isomers of each other. The retinal chromophore is comprised of a ÃŽ ²-ionone ring bound to a polyene chain. In both cases the retinal chromophore is positioned horizontally within the membrane. Rhodopsin is formed of the protein opsin and the reversibly and covalently bound co-factor 11-cis-retinal, which is the photo-reactive chromophore. Opsin consists of 7 transmembrane ÃŽ ± helices which are connected by polypeptide loops which occlude the agonist binding site. There is an 8th helix present in opsin however this is not transmembranous and plays a regulatory role in rhodopsin. The Æ -amino group of lysine 296 within the opsin molecule is covalently bound to the aldehyde group of retinal by a protonated Schiff base in a central cavity between the 6th and 7th helix. Bacteriorhodopsin is formed of the protein bacterio-opsin which is bound to all-trans-retinal in a covalent and reversible manner. Bacterio-opsin, as in rhodopsin, is formed of 7 transmembrane ÃŽ ± helices connected by polypeptide loops. The Æ -amino of lysine 216 within bacterio-opsin is covalently bound to the aldehyde group of retinal. Again this interaction occurs within a central pocket on the 7th helix. Rhodopsin exists as a monomer within the membrane of rod cells whereas bacteriorhodopsin in its wild type state is in a trimer of 3 identical protein chains each rotated 120 ° relative to the others. Bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin have no detectable sequence homology to one another, however due to the similarity of their tertiary structures it is believed they are evolutionarily related. In vertebrate rod cells light induces phototransduction by interaction with rhodopsin. Light is absorbed very efficiently by retinal due to its polyene tail. The retinal absorbs a photon which causes it to undergo an isomerisation reaction to the activated all-trans-retinal configuration from its initial 11-cis-retinal configuration. In order to accommodate the altered shape of the all-trans-retinal the rhodopsin molecule undergoes a series of relaxations which includes the movement of helices 5 and 6 outwards creating a cavity, this movement is around 5Ã…. Upon the absorption of a photon by the retinal chromophore the rhodopsin molecule is converted to photorhodopsin within 200 femtoseconds. The second intermediate forms within picoseconds following irradiation and is called bathorhodopsin, this has all-trans bonds which are distorted. The next intermediate is lumirhodopsin which forms within nanoseconds. Lumirhodopsin is converted to metarhodopsin I within milliseconds. During t hese steps the protonated Schiff’s base remains unchanged. Finally metarhodopsin I is converted to metarhodopsin II, within milliseconds, this causes the Schiff base to become deprotonated. Neuronal excitation is initiated by metarhodopsin II activating transducin, an associated G protein, triggering a second messenger cascade with cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), activating the visual phototransduction pathway. The activation of transducin is triggered by the exchange of GDP to GTP on the ÃŽ ± subunit of transducin. Activated transducin binds and removes the inhibitory subunits which inactivate cGMP phosphodiesterase. This process activatescGMP phosphodiesterase which subsequently hydrolyses cGMP. Hydrolysis of cGMP reduces the cellular levels of cGMP which leads to inactivation of the cGMP-gated cation channels in the cell membrane. This causes the photoreceptor cells to become hyperpolarised altering the rate of neurotransmitter release and resulting in neuronal sign alling. At each step of this process the signal is amplified. Deactivation of metarhodopsin II occurs by interaction with rhodopsin kinase and arrestin. Rhodopsin kinase phosphorylates the activated GPCR and arrestin desensitizes it. Regeneration of the rhodopsin pigment to its original state must occur in order to allow phototransduction to occur again.Multiple serine and threonine residues at the carboxyl terminal of metarhodopsin II are phosphorylated, this is catalysed by rhodopsin kinase, arrestin then binds to the altered metarhodopsin II preventing further interaction with transducin. The ÃŽ ± subunit of the transducin re-associates with the ÃŽ ²Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ´ subunits and its in-built GTP-ase activity hydrolyses the GTP to GDP, this returns the cGMP phosphodiesterase to its inactive state. cGMP is synthesised from GTP by guanylate cyclase increasing the cGMP levels to reopen the cGMP gated channels and this allows restoration of the cell to its original state. In bacteriorhodopsin, like in rhodopsin, it is the retinal molecule which absorbs a photon and changes conformation. The initial all-trans-retinal configuration is converted to 13-cis-retinal. This isomerisation causes the bacteriorhodopsin molecule to undergo a conformational change, via a number of intermediates, to accommodate the change in retinal structure. This change of conformation subsequently alters the proton pumping action of bacteriorhodopsin. Upon absorption of a photon the all-trans-retinal photoisomerises to 13-cis-retinal, this is almost the exact opposite of the cis-retinal to trans-retinal configuration change that occurs in rhodopsin. In bacteriorhodopsin the initial photo-isomerisation results in the intermediate J600, as in rhodopsin this first isomerisation occurs in a femtosecond timescale. J600 subsequently becomes K590 within 5 picoseconds. The next conversion of the K590 intermediate to the L550 intermediate happens within 2 microseconds. This conversion re sults in stronger hydrogen bonding between aspartate 85 and the protonated Schiff base within the extracellular channel. Conversion of L550 to the extracellular M410 intermediate occurs within microseconds, this process involves the translocation of a proton from the protonated Schiff base to the proton acceptor aspartate 85, within the extracellular channel, this takes microseconds. In order for the proton transport to occur out of the cell the Schiff base cannot be reprotonated by aspartate 85, otherwise no proton transport could occur. Instead, the access of the Schiff base must be altered to prevent reprotonation by aspartate 85. Next the extracellular M410 is converted to cytoplasmic M410, this allows the Schiff base to be deprotonated from the outside of the cell membrane and reprotonated from the inside of the cell and hence this change of access for the M410 intermediate from extracellular to cytoplasmic allows unidirectional proton transport out of the cell. This alteration repositions the access for the Schiff base from extracellular to intracellular. The cytoplasmic M410 is then converted to the N560 intermediate Following the earlier change in access for the Schiff base, it can then be reprotonated from aspartate 96 which is located within a channel from the cytoplasm to the membrane. This process occurs within milliseconds. The aspartate 96 is then reprotonated from the cytoplasm to allow the Schiff base to be reprotonated multiple times and allow the cycle to continue. To ensure one-way proton transport the Schiff base must be accessible to either aspartate 96 or aspartate 85 during different stages of the cycle and therefore the positioning of the Schiff base must be switched dependent on which aspartate requires access and the stage of the cycle, aspartate 85 needs access to deprotonate the Schiff base on the extracellular side and aspartate 96 is used to reprotonate the Schiff base from the cytoplasm. Aspartate 85 and aspartate 96 are now both protonated in the N560 intermediate and this leads to a subsequent thermoisomerisation reaction. During this thermoisomerisation The N560 intermediate is converted to the O640 intermediate. In this step the activated 13-cis-retinal configuration is thermally isomerised back to the original all-trans-retinal configuration. To complete this cycle the aspartate 85 must be deprotonated. The final step involves the conversion of the O640 intermediate back to bacteriorhodopsin. The Schiff base is again repositioned switching the access to it back from the cytoplasmic side back to the extracellular side of the membrane, aspartate 85 is then deprotonated to restore the bacteriorhodopsin molecule back to its original state which facilitates the continual pumping of protons out of the cell across the membrane. The protons in the extracellular matrix are allowed to flow back into the cell via ATP synthase down the concentration gradient, this allows the synthesis of ATP which provides the ene rgy to power the archaea cell. There are a large number of differences ranging from the amino acid sequences to the functions of bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin, however in spite of these vast differences there are still many similarities including the 3 dimensional structure and the presence of a photon absorbing retinal chromophore. These similarities have led to the 2 proteins being grouped together in the Structural Classification Of Proteins and they provide relevant structural information about other 7 transmembrane proteins in order to make structural predictions and associations about other similar proteins.

Euro Disney the Failure Essay -- International Marketing Europe Theme

Walt Disney is the world leader in family entertainment and one of the most valuable brands in the world. Recently, Walt Disney has decided to open up a Disney Theme Park in Hong Kong China, which will be the first theme park in China. Since the opening of Euro Disney, the Walt Disney Company has learned to take into consideration important determinants so that their investment will not be a huge financial loss. Unfortunately, Since Disney did not research as much as they should of when deciding to open Euro Disney, this lead to one of the biggest failures for the Disney Company and is today used as an example of international marketing failures. Disney had high expectations about opening up a Disney Theme Park in France. They projected 500,000 visitors to be in the park on opening day and the result was only 20,000 visitors. According to the textbook, international corporations should research and analyze their profitability level and the market size. Many international companies need to expense their research and development because it will only lead to big financial losses. Walt Disney Company should of used a transnational approach to achieve a consistent and controlled marketing strategy. Transnational approach has three types of variables such as demographic, psychographic and behavioral. A big problem that Disney overlooked was the lack of marketing to the French people, there were more visitors from outside of France then there was in France. After realizing their turnover they starting promoting special package prices for French residents. Several fundamental points that affected the failure of Euro Disney's first 2 years were location, staffing, dining, prices and the opening of to many hotel rooms at ... ... for American companies to realize that "their way" isn't always going to work, especially in a different country with such a different culture. Their Hong Kong project seems like they are taking precaution to prevent any huge financial losses. In spite of their mistakes, Disney is still one of the most important brands in the world and is widely recognized as a successful corporation. Bibliography "Euro Disney: An American in Paris" http://www.business.bham.ac.uk/business/images/cme_resources/Users/Szmigin/euro%20isney.doc Businessweek.com. " Building a Mouse House in Hong Kong". April 11, 2002 http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2002/nf20020411_4498.htm Doole, Isobel and Lowe, Robin. "International Marketing Strategy". Third Edition, Copyright, 2001. Recklies, Dagmar. " Managing Resources-Accounting Assignment". Themanager.org

E Commerce Homework Essay

1Would you say that Google and Yahoo are direct or indirect competitors? What about McDonalds and Macaroni Grill? Explain why? Indeed Google and yahoo are both direct competitors because the both provide the same services such as : email , search ,chatting groups , blogs ,for McDonalds and Macaroni they are indirect since both provide food but of different types which make them compete for different products . –  2 . Given the example of Atari and Nintendo games, which one was the first mover into the market and which was the fast follower? What advantages and disadvantages does each one have over the other? First mover: Atari Fast follower : Nintendo Advantages and disadvantages over each other: 1- Atari had the lead for a long period of time and was dominate in the marketplace 2-Nintendo learned from the failure of Atari and was able to take over the market only by doing stuff the Atari company missed out. 3 . Visit hamleys.com and describe its business model based on t he information you find there. Identify its customer value proposition, its revenue model, the marketspace it operates in, who its main competitors are, any comparative advantages you believe the company possesses and what its market strategy appears to be . Also try to locate information about the   company’s management team and organizational structure. (Check for a page labeled â€Å"the Company,† â€Å"About Us,† or something similar). Value proposition: facilitation of transaction ,law search cost ,low item discovery cost Revenue model: Sales revenue model The market space it operates in: toy selling Main competitors are: Toys-R-Us ,FAO schwarz Comparative advantages: provide party organizing services and gift warping services Market strategy: create a brand name, use the good reputation and long history as a proof of good service, and provide good and appealing offers . Company’s management team and organizational structure Buying and Planning, Retail Operations, Marketing, Human Resources (HR), IT, Finance, E-commerce Visual Merchandising and Design, Franchise .

A New Telescopes The Peak Of The Hawaiian Mountain Mauna Kea

Everything You Need To Know About The Thirty Meter Telescope Protests In 2009, a proposal to build a new telescope atop the peak of the Hawaiian Mountain Mauna Kea started what may be the biggest media storm in scientific history, and it has been brewing ever since†¦ What is Mauna Kea? Mauna Kea is a dormant volcano on the island of Hawaii. It has an altitude of 13,976 feet above sea level, the highest of any mountain in Hawaii, and is the tallest mountain in the world when measured from the base below sea level. Roughly translating to â€Å"Sky Father Mountain† in Hawaiian, Mauna Kea culturally represents the â€Å"Realm of the Gods† in Hawaiian lore. It is a sacred ground considered to be where Earth and the gods are connected, the burial ground of many Hawaiian ancestors, and is overall of extreme significance in Hawaiian culture. Why Do Scientists Want to Build A Telescope There? Generally in astronomy, light pollution and thick atmospheres distort and impair images from optics like telescopes. Light pollution crowds out the targets being observed, while the atmosphere dims the light received from them. When choosing the location for the building of a new telescope, it is highly beneficial to build in areas with a thinner atmosphere and low light pollution . This is why mountaintops are typically the preferred sites for new telescopes, and why Mauna Kea is a highly desirable location. A new telescope called the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is revolutionary in

Violent Video Games Are Partically to Blame - 768 Words

School shooting have rocked the nation in the past decade, school bullying and now, cyber bullying are also seem to be on the rise. Across the nation more and more people are becoming victims of the people committing these wicked acts. Citizens and congressman are frantecly looking for someone or something to blame. Politicians and its voters don’t always seem to agree on much but both managed to agree that violent video games are at least partially to blame. However this is not the Salem witch trails, we need proof before we as a nation take any drastic action. So, is there any scientific proof that exhibits a link between acts of violence and playing violent video games? In this essay we will analyze arguments and research of people against and for this argument. Today about 97% of teenagers play or have played video games wether it be Sniper Elite Nazi Zombie Army on a console such as Xbox 360 or farmville on Facebook. About 70% of those who play vidoe games also play gaem s rated M for mature, these games are intented for a mature audience and usually have a minumum age rstriction of 17 years of age(Lenhart 1). Right off the bat you can see why there is such a tremendous concern on wether or not games can cause people to act violently. Were talking about 7 out of every 10 kids being potentially at risk. That is why it is so important that scientific research to be done. However up in till recently very little research has been done to show siginificant data to fully

The Mockingbirds in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

The significance of the store To Kill a Mockingbird is the expression mocking bird appears in the story lots of times. Also the most significant novel in this whole book is the mockingbird symbol. Another significant part of the story is the definition of a mockingbird and it is a type of Finch, it’s also a small bird who likes to sing. It got the name mockingbird because when it sings it is mocking other birds. (http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/The-Significance-Of-The-Title-Of/21174.html) The mockingbirds in the story were Tom Robinson, Calpurnia, and Boo Radley. Boo Radley was a man who was very nice and loving to others especially the Scout and Jem. One of the nicest things Boo Radley did was when Scout, Jem, and Dill were†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"But they also heard rumors that Boo Radley only comes out at night not during the day.† Scout and Jem start thinking that Boo Radley is a scary man or he is evil. The first time that Scout and Jem saw B oo Radley face, was when he saved them from Bob Ewell. Ever since Boo Radley saved them Jem and Scout stop believing all the rumors they heard about Boo Radley. Boo Radley can be compared to a mocking bird because mockingbirds are calm and don’t hurt others. That’s why Boo Radley is considered a mockingbird because he never hurt any known or bothered any known. The sad part was that Boo Radley was killed by couple of town’s people because he never came out because he was shy. (http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081010185527AAZEssX) Another mockingbird in the story was Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson was just like Boo Radley nice and loving to others especially Mayella Ewell. Tom Robinson was very kind to Mayella he always did we she wanted him to do and he always did it with pride. When Bob Ewell accused Tom Robinson of raping Mayella it was like a mockingbird that just stops singing or died because Tom Robinson would never rape Mayella. Bob Ewell said that Tom Robinson was kissing and touching Mayella. Mr. Ewell thinks now that Tom Robinson is an animal who was taking advantage of his daughter. Tom Robinson is a man who helped Mayella Ewell everyday when he would walk by her house, sheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom who and what surrounds us, things that help to form our identity. Prejudice is an integral theme in Harper Lee’s, To Kill A Mockingbird. Prejudice is evident throughout the novel, not just in the appalling racism but also through, prejudice against different sexual orientations, gender constructs and feminism. Society had certain constructs that had to be met. Throughout To Kill A Mockingbird, Lee breaks the bounds to overcome barriers, and challenge social constructs. This feature article delvesRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay567 Words   |  3 Pagesexample in Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, the small town of Maycomb struggles with these aspects. Each character of the novel has a strong personality. Scout Finch is tough, always has an opinion, and is a tomboy. On the other hand Boo Radley stays hidden most of the time, but we all know he is actually a friend to Jem and Scout. Then there is Tom Robinson, a hardworking, strong, and innocent man. But what do all these characters have in common? They can all be analyzed as mockingbirds. ThroughoutRead More Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird In the early twentieth century, the United States was undergoing a dramatic social change. Slavery had been abolished decades before, but the southern states were still attempting to restrict social interaction among people of different races. 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The story involves Atticus Finch a lawyer who must defendRead MoreHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay3848 Words   |  16 PagesHarper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird The story of To Kill a Mockingbird takes place during the 1930s in a small town in Alabama in the southern United States - much like the town where the author Harper Lee herself grew up. To understand what the book is saying about racism, you need to know something of the history of race relations in the southern USA. Plot ---- The novel is about three years in the life of the Finch family: Atticus and his son Jem

Business Consultant Professional Organization †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Business Consultant Professional Organization? Answer: Introducation Business consultant is a professional or organisation who is contracted by business organisations to advise them on strategies which contribute towards strengthening their core business processes. Business consultancy firms help the organisations to address challenges to their key business imperatives. These firms specialise and provide advices in crucial areas like management, law, marketing, finance and data security (Consultant W. 2017). I as a manager employed at a business consulting firm have the skills which help me to face the challenges my profession throws before me. I update my skills and competencies as a business consultant manager which would me to bring about growth in my career in the future. I have learnt that business organisations use the advisory services of the business consultancy firms to strengthen their core business processes which are imperative to successful business execution. I have realised that a business consultant should have twelve attributes often referred to as 12 As to become a successful business consultant. They are the right professional attitude, the required aptitude, analytical power to analyse the problems facing the clients, the power to align them with the business strategies of the clients, the power to argue using logic and knowledge, access to the crucial data of the client related to the problem, choosing the right approach, creating appropriate, accountability, knowledge about the key management people of the client and the finally advice the client to solve the challenging situation(Abhimanyu, Bottiger and Singh 2016). I have come know that the decision thinking concept have four elements namely, start, scope, spin, specify and solve. As a business consultant manager I would be required to act and deliver high quality strategic advices to clients under various systems like scientific, structured and chaotic. I have further learnt that business organisations produce products to earn supernormal profits whereas non profit organisations work towards achievement of social welfare and sustainability (Lane 2015). Both the types of organisations require the advisory services to deal with their key business imperatives consisting of cash flow, strategies, culture, growth, innovation and so on. Every organisation has to measure their power to mobilise resources, staff efficiencies and business performances in the light of the business objectives set by the apex management (Reimer 2016). The board of directors of both profitable and non profitable organisations have to supervise the organisational performances, employee performances and organisational capacities to ensure that the core objectives of the organisations are s trong enough. I have learnt that the strong organisational design ensures regular cash flows, successful implementation of the business strategies and organisational culture aligned to the organisational goals. These learning and realisations have impacted my practices and made me realise the significance of the advisory services of consultancy firms. I have realised that the need to achieve organisational excellence necessitate the apex management to hire the business consultancy firms to strengthen the core business productivity (Bocken et al. 2014). Business Consulting is a very crucial area of practice in the corporate organisations and stand of several theories like Cultural Accomodation Model-Process Consulting(CAM-PC) theory by Leong and Huang. Cultural Accomodation Model-Process Consulting states that every individual has some unique attributes and some common attributes to other human beings. They further state that if the consultancy services provided to individuals are not aligned to their attributes, they do not gain from the consultancy advices (Leong, Huang and Mak 2014). Schiens Process Consulting Model states that the consultancy firms to adapt to their consultancy processes to bring about innovation and deal with challenging situations. The consultancy firms do not sell expertise but diagnose the problems of their corporate clients to help them to integrate knowledge and resources to gain organisational expertise (Adler 2015). I have realised that business consulting requires new skills which enable the consultants provide their corporate clients with accurate advisory services. They are profound analytical power, reliability, adaptability, initiative, strong knowledge in the areas of consultancy (management, finance, law and so on) and resourceful. A consultant should have profound knowledge and skills in the area of consultancy like law and management and have strong communication skills to provide his clients with appropriate advices (Manley and Titchen 2017). There are insights in the field of business consultancy which as professional I feel would be very helpful in my career as a business consultant manager. Business consulting requires scientific management and critical systems thinking about the resources of the client companies (Forbes.com. 2017). This insight made me realise that as a consultant I can also follow the scientific management theory of Taylor which emphasises on scientific management of the resources of companies to achieve high productivity and profits (Turan 2015). Modern business consulting today plays a very important role in assisting the organisations achieve high performances in their core business areas and I feel that the service is not restricted to advisory services. The modern consultancy services follow a detailed and complex chain of processes like entering into contract with the client organisations, diagnosing the problem, collection of data, feedback and implementation. I feel this detailed new practices help the consultancy firms to provide their business clients with appropriate business solution. I have also learnt from this finding that this ability to provide timely advisory services to the organisations have made the consultancy very profitable (Lin and Wu 2014). I have found during my new conversations with my class colleagues that they have learnt new skills in consultancy which have challenged my thoughts as a manager on the subject and have changed it considerably. They course content have also have had considerably changed my thinking and behaviour as a manager functioning in a consulting situation. I have realised events like client meets and my first site visit can be very different and more enriching than attending classes. These real life engagements give opportunities to me as a business consultant provide me with valuable insights on modern consultancy industry (Briner and Walshe 2014). I came to know about the modern consultancy firms use detailed methods like cloud computing and video conferencing with the key managers in their client companies to gain indepth knowledge about the problems they are facing to provide them with appropriate strategic advices. This new learning from field and real life situations would be beneficial t o my practices as a manager. I can reflect that these new learnings have made me a more capable and expert business consultant manager (Ranyard, Fildes and Hu 2015). I can discover that the articles on consulting available on the internet are rich in knowledge and provide me with new ideas about consultancy trends. Some of the articles consultancy businesses are from business media sources and from international magazines like Forbes which are very reliable and provide me with new ideas and views about my practice of business consultancy services. I can conclude that the new skills and competencies like analytical skills about consultancies would help me to improve my career as an entry level business consultancy manager. The newly developed analytical skills would help me to analyse the business related problems of my clients to provide them with appropriate and long term solutions to the problems pertaining to their core business objectives. I have developed new knowledge and capabilities that would prove advantageous to my career of a business consultant. The newly acquired capabilities are analytical skills, communication skills, use of modern communication channels like cloud computing and video conferencing. While reflecting upon the knowledge I have gained from the class and the site visits, I feel the site visits have proved to be important sources of gaining practical knowledge about consultancy business practices and their operations. While giving examples of site visits I can recall a big consultancy firm I visited where I got an opportunity to speak to the head of the business consulting department. It was a important encounter because it provided me new insights about consultancy profession. I realised that a successful business consultant professional is required to have certain special qualities other than skills like analytical and communication skills. A consultant should be committed to provide his consultant with long term business solution. His aim should be helping his business clients to strengthen their core business competence. A business consultant in order to help his client often gains access to confidential business data. A consultant should use the data ethically to help the client firms and never share the data with outsider. He should gain prior approval of the senior managers of the client companies before using the confidential data. He should always be committed to his clients business strategies and preserve the confidentiality of those strategies. I am planning to cont inue my profession as a business consultant at the big business consultancy firm I visited. I would refine and improve my skills by training under the head of the business consultancy firm. It would give me an opportunity to develop my skills more as an entry level consultancy manager by working under his leadership. Refernces: Abhimanyu, M.P., Bottiger, W. and Singh, G.D., 2016. An exploratory study about client satisfaction in dermatoglyphics multiple intelligence test.IJAR,2(3), pp.802-806. Adler, C., 2015. Information asymmetry in process consultation.Leadership and Organization Development Journal,36(2), pp.177-211. Bocken, N.M.P., Short, S.W., Rana, P. and Evans, S., 2014. A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, pp.42-56. Briner, R.B. and Walshe, N.D., 2014. 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